@DoctorG
Solution found.
[image: 1749463428721-d2dc3735-58ae-4490-baa8-d1809703ea07-image.png]
At screenshot above, while troubleshooting for this issue, I had changed the option to Cached and forgot to put it back to Always.
I think my browser's cookies were full.
After clearing cookies, returning the Load Images setting back to Always option, and re-enable extensions, everything works properly.
I usually clear browsing history and cache, but not cookies since it'll sign me out from websites I had signed in.
Thank you for your help, @mib2berlin, @sgunhouse, @yngve, and @DoctorG.